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S.M.A.R.T. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search S.M.A.R.T. ( Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology ; sometimes written as SMART ) is a monitoring system for computer hard disk drives to detect and report on various indicators of reliability, in the hope of anticipating failures. When a failure is anticipated by S.M.A.R.T., the drive is typically replaced and returned to the manufacturer, who uses these failed drives to discover where faults lie and how to prevent them from recurring on the next generation of hard disk drives. Contents 1 Background 2 History and predecessors 3 Information 4 Standards and implementation 5 ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes 5.1 Known ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes 5.2 Threshold Exceeds Condition 6 Self-tests 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links [ edit ] Background The purpose of S.M.A.R.T. is to warn a user or a system administrator of impending drive failure while there is still time to take action, such as copying the data to a replacement device. Hard disk failures fall into one of two basic classes: Predictable failures: These failures result from slow processes such as mechanical wear and gradual degradation of storage surfaces. Monitoring can determine when such failures are becoming more likely. Unpredictable failures: These failures happen suddenly and without warning. They range from electronic components becoming defective to a sudden mechanical failure (perhaps due to improper handling). Mechanical failures account for about 60% of all drive failures. [ 1 ] While the eventual failure may be catastrophic, most mechanical failures result from gradual wear and there are usually certain indications that failure is imminent. These may include increased heat output, increased noise level, problems with reading and writing of data, an increase in the number of damaged disk sectors. Work at Google on over 100,000 drives has shown little overall predictive value of S.M.A.R.T. status as a whole, but suggests that certain sub-categories of information which some S.M.A.R.T. implementations track do correlate with actual failure rates: specifically, in the 60 days following the first scan error on a drive, the drive is, on average, 39 times more likely to fail than it would have been had no such error occurred. Furthermore, first errors in reallocations, offline reallocations and probational counts are strongly correlated to higher probabilities of failure. [ 2 ] PCTechGuide's page on S.M.A.R.T. (2003) [ 3 ] comments that the technology has gone through three phases: "In its original incarnation SMART provided failure prediction by monitoring certain online hard drive activities. A subsequent version improved failure prediction by adding an automatic off-line read scan to monitor additional operations. The latest "SMART" technology not only monitors hard drive activities but adds failure prevention by attempting to detect and repair sector errors. Also, whilst earlier versions of the technology only monitored hard drive activity for data that was retrieved by the operating system, this latest SMART tests all data and all sectors of a drive by using "off-line data collection" to confirm the drive's health during periods of inactivity." [ edit ] History and predecessors The industry's first hard disk monitoring technology was introduced by IBM in 1992 in their IBM 9337 Disk Arrays for AS/400 servers using IBM 0662 SCSI-2 disk drives. [ 4 ] Later it was named Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA) technology. It was measuring several key device health parameters and evaluating them within the drive firmware. Communications between the physical unit and the monitoring software were limited to a binary result: namely, either "device is OK" or "drive is likely to fail soon". Later, another variant, which was named IntelliSafe , was created by computer manufacturer Compaq and disk drive manufacturers Seagate , Quantum , and Conner . [ 5 ] The disk drives would measure the disk’s "health parameters", and the values would be transferred to the operating system and user-space monitoring software. Each disk drive vendor was free to decide which parameters were to be included for monitoring, and what their thresholds should be. The unification was at the protocol level with the host. Compaq submitted their implementation to Small Form Committee for standardization in early 1995. [ 6 ] It was supported by IBM, by Compaq's development partners Seagate, Quantum, and Conner, and by Western Digital , who did not have a failure prediction system at the time. The Committee chose IntelliSafe's approach, as it provided more flexibility. The resulting jointly developed standard was named S.M.A.R.T. [ edit ] Information The technical documentation for SMART is in the AT Attachment (ATA) standard. [ 7 ] The most basic information that SMART provides is the SMART status. It provides only two values: "threshold not exceeded" and "threshold exceeded". Often these are represented as "drive OK" or "drive fail" respectively. A "threshold exceeded" value is intended to indicate that there is a relatively high probability that the drive will not be able to honor its specification in the future: that is, the drive is "about to fail". The predicted failure may be catastrophic or may be something as subtle as the inability to write to certain sectors, or perhaps slower performance than the manufacturer's declared minimum. The SMART status does not necessarily indicate the drive's past or present reliability. If a drive has already failed catastrophically, the SMART status may be inaccessible. Alternatively, if a drive has experienced problems in the past, but the sensors no longer detect such problems, the SMART status may, depending on the manufacturer's programming, suggest that the drive is now sound. The inability to read some sectors is not always an indication that a drive is about to fail. One way that unreadable sectors may be created, even when the drive is functioning within specification, is through a sudden power failure while the drive is writing. In order to prevent this problem, modern hard drives will always finish writing at least the current sector immediately after the power fails (typically using rotational energy from the disk). Also, even if the physical disk is damaged at one location, such that a certain sector is unreadable, the disk may be able to use spare space to replace the bad area, so that the sector can be overwritten. [ 8 ] More detail on the health of the drive may be obtained by examining the SMART Attributes. SMART Attributes were included in some drafts of the ATA standard, but were removed before the standard became final. The meaning and interpretation of the attributes varies between manufacturers, and are sometimes considered a trade secret for one manufacturer or another. Attributes are further discussed below. [ 9 ] Drives with SMART may optionally support a number of 'logs'. The error log records information about the most recent errors that the drive has reported back to the host computer. Examining this log may help one to determine whether computer problems are disk-related or caused by something else. A drive supporting SMART may optionally support a number of self-test or maintenance routines, and the results of the tests are kept in the self-test log . The self-test routines may be used to detect any unreadable sectors on the disk, so that they may be restored from back-up sources (for example, from other disks in a RAID). This helps to reduce the risk of incurring permanent loss of data. [ edit ] Standards and implementation Many motherboards will display a warning message when a disk drive is approaching failure. Although an industry standard exists among most major hard drive manufacturers, [ 3 ] there are some remaining issues and much proprietary "secret knowledge" held by individual manufacturers as to their specific approach. As a result, S.M.A.R.T. is not always implemented correctly on many computer platforms, due to the absence of industry-wide software & hardware standards for S.M.A.R.T. data interchange. [ citation needed ] From a legal perspective, the term "S.M.A.R.T." refers only to a signaling method between internal disk drive electromechanical sensors and the host computer. Hence, a drive may be claimed by its manufacturers to include S.M.A.R.T. support even if it does not include, say, a temperature sensor, which the customer might reasonably expect to be present. Moreover, in the most extreme case, a disk manufacturer could, in theory, produce a drive which includes a sensor for just one physical attribute, and then legally advertise the product as "S.M.A.R.T. compatible". Depending on the type of interface being used, some S.M.A.R.T.-enabled motherboards and related software may not communicate with certain S.M.A.R.T.-capable drives. For example, few external drives connected via USB and Firewire correctly send S.M.A.R.T. data over those interfaces. With so many ways to connect a hard drive ( SCSI , Fiber Channel , ATA , SATA , SAS , SSA , and so on), it is difficult to predict whether S.M.A.R.T. reports will function correctly in a given system. Even on hard drives and interfaces that support it, S.M.A.R.T. information may not be reported correctly to the computer's operating system. Some disk controllers can duplicate all write operations on a secondary "back-up" drive in real time. This feature is known as " RAID mirroring ". However, many programs which are designed to analyze changes in drive behavior and relay S.M.A.R.T. alerts to the operator do not function properly when a computer system is configured for RAID support. Generally this is because, under normal RAID operational conditions, the computer is not permitted by the RAID subsystem to 'see' (or directly access) individual physical drives, but may access only logical volumes instead. On the Windows platform, many programs designed to monitor and report S.M.A.R.T. information will function only under an administrator account. At present, S.M.A.R.T. is implemented individually by manufacturers, and while some aspects are standardized for compatibility, others are not. [ edit ] ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes Each drive manufacturer defines a set of attributes, and sets threshold values beyond which attributes should not pass under normal operation. Each attribute has a raw value , whose meaning is entirely up to the drive manufacturer (but often corresponds to counts or a physical unit, such as degrees Celsius or seconds), and a normalized value, which ranges from 1 to 253 (with 1 representing the worst case and 253 representing the best). Depending on the manufacturer, a value of 100 or 200 will often be chosen as the "normal" value. Manufacturers that have supported at least one S.M.A.R.T. attribute in various products include: Samsung , Seagate , IBM ( Hitachi ), Fujitsu , Maxtor , Toshiba , Intel , Western Digital and ExcelStor Technology . [ edit ] Known ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes This article may contain original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references . Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page . (September 2007) The following chart lists some S.M.A.R.T. attributes and the typical meaning of their raw values. Normalized values are always mapped so that higher values are better (with only very rare exceptions such as the "Temperature" attribute on certain Seagate drives [ 10 ] ), but higher raw attribute values may be better or worse depending on the attribute and manufacturer. For example, the "Reallocated Sectors Count" attribute's normalized value decreases as the count of reallocated sectors increases . In this case, the attribute's raw value will often indicate the actual count of sectors that were reallocated, although vendors are in no way required to adhere to this convention. As manufacturers do not necessarily agree on precise attribute definitions and measurement units, the following list of attributes should be regarded as a general guide only. Legend Higher raw value is better Lower raw value is better Critical: red colored row Potential indicators of imminent electromechanical failure ID Hex Attribute name Better Description 01 01 Read Error Rate Stores data related to the rate of hardware read errors that occurred when reading data from a disk surface. The raw value has different structure for different vendors and is often not meaningful as a decimal number. 02 02 Throughput Performance Overall (general) throughput performance of a hard disk drive. If the value of this attribute is decreasing there is a high probability that there is a problem with the disk. 03 03 Spin-Up Time Average time of spindle spin up (from zero RPM to fully operational [millisecs]). 04 04 Start/Stop Count A tally of spindle start/stop cycles. The spindle turns on, and hence the count is increased, both when the hard disk is turned on after having before been turned entirely off (disconnected from power source) and when the hard disk returns from having previously been put to sleep mode. [ 11 ] 05 05 Reallocated Sectors Count Count of reallocated sectors. When the hard drive finds a read/write/verification error, it marks this sector as "reallocated" and transfers data to a special reserved area (spare area). This process is also known as remapping, and "reallocated" sectors are called remaps. Unfortunately, on modern operating systems, such as Windows XP and onwards, "bad blocks" cannot be found while testing the surface, as this feature was removed. However, 3rd-party applications such as "HD Tune" and "CHIP SBIANCAMENTO" can reveal bad sectors across the entire surface, even on partitions that are hidden. Also, as the count of reallocated sectors increases, the read/write speed tends to decrease, unless the bad sectors are manually repositioned to a hidden partition, although the boot sector is always at the start of the disk, so if damage is in that area, the drive is only useful as a redundant backup drive. The raw value normally represents a count of the count of bad sectors that have been found and remapped. Thus, the higher the attribute value, the more sectors the drive has had to reallocate. 06 06 Read Channel Margin Margin of a channel while reading data. The function of this attribute is not specified. 07 07 Seek Error Rate Rate of seek errors of the magnetic heads. If there is a partial failure in the mechanical positioning system, then seek errors will arise. Such a failure may be due to numerous factors, such as damage to a servo, or thermal widening of the hard disk. The raw value has different structure for different vendors and is often not meaningful as a decimal number. 08 08 Seek Time Performance Average performance of seek operations of the magnetic heads. If this attribute is decreasing, it is a sign of problems in the mechanical subsystem. 09 09 Power-On Hours (POH) Count of hours in power-on state. The raw value of this attribute shows total count of hours (or minutes, or seconds, depending on manufacturer) in power-on state. [ 12 ] 10 0A Spin Retry Count Count of retry of spin start attempts. This attribute stores a total count of the spin start attempts to reach the fully operational speed (under the condition that the first attempt was unsuccessful). An increase of this attribute value is a sign of problems in the hard disk mechanical subsystem. 11 0B Recalibration Retries Calibration_Retry_Count This attribute indicates the count that recalibration was requested (under the condition that the first attempt was unsuccessful). An increase of this attribute value is a sign of problems in the hard disk mechanical subsystem. 12 0C Power Cycle Count This attribute indicates the count of full hard disk power on/off cycles. 13 0D Soft Read Error Rate Uncorrected read errors reported to the operating system. 183 B7 SATA Downshift Error Count Western Digital and Samsung attribute. 184 B8 End-to-End error This attribute is a part of HP 's SMART IV technology and it means that after transferring through the cache RAM data buffer the parity data between the host and the hard drive did not match. [ 13 ] 185 B9 Head Stability Western Digital attribute. 186 BA Induced Op-Vibration Detection Western Digital attribute. 187 BB Reported Uncorrectable Errors The count of errors that could not be recovered using hardware ECC (see attribute 195). 188 BC Command Timeout The count of aborted operations due to HDD timeout. Normally this attribute value should be equal to zero and if the value is far above zero, then most likely there will be some serious problems with power supply or an oxidized data cable. [ 13 ] 189 BD High Fly Writes HDD producers implement a Fly Height Monitor that attempts to provide additional protections for write operations by detecting when a recording head is flying outside its normal operating range. If an unsafe fly height condition is encountered, the write process is stopped, and the information is rewritten or reallocated to a safe region of the hard drive. This attribute indicates the count of these errors detected over the lifetime of the drive. This feature is implemented in most modern Seagate drives [ 1 ] and some of Western Digital’s drives, beginning with the WD Enterprise WDE18300 and WDE9180 Ultra2 SCSI hard drives, and will be included on all future WD Enterprise products. [ 14 ] 190 BE Airflow Temperature (WDC) Airflow temperature on Western Digital HDs (Same as temp. [C2], but current value is 50 less for some models. Marked as obsolete.) 190 BE Temperature Difference from 100 Value is equal to (100−temp. °C), allowing manufacturer to set a minimum threshold which corresponds to a maximum temperature. (Seagate only?) [ citation needed ] Seagate ST910021AS: Verified Present [ citation needed ] Seagate ST9120823ASG: Verified Present under name "Airflow Temperature Cel" 2008-10-06 Seagate ST3802110A: Verified Present 2007-02-13 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST980825AS: Verified Present 2007-04-05 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3320620AS: Verified Present 2007-04-23 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3500641AS: Verified Present 2007-06-12 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3250824AS: Verified Present 2007-08-07 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3250620AS: Verified Present Seagate ST31000340AS: Verified Present 2008-02-05 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST31000333AS: Verified Present 2008-11-24 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3160211AS: Verified Present 2008-06-12 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3320620AS: Verified Present 2008-06-12 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3400620AS: Verified Present 2008-06-12 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3750330AS: Verified present 2009-07-06 [ citation needed ] Seagate ST3500418AS: Verified present 2010-04-03 Seagate ST31500341AS: Verified present 2010-10-09 Samsung HD501LJ: Verified Present under name "Airflow Temperature" 2008-03-02 [ citation needed ] Samsung HD753LJ: Verified Present under name "Airflow Temperature" 2008-07-15 [ citation needed ] A note here: smartctl seems to interpret these correctly at least in 5.39.1: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 068 057 045 Old_age Always - 32 (Lifetime Min/Max 22/33) notice "raw value" is 32 (the correct airflow temp in celsius) and value is 100-32 = 68. 191 BF G-sense error rate The count of errors resulting from externally-induced shock & vibration. 192 C0 Power-off Retract Count Emergency Retract Cycle count (Fujitsu) [ 15 ] Count of times the heads are loaded off the media. Heads can be unloaded without actually powering off. [ citation needed ] 193 C1 Load Cycle Count Load/Unload Cycle Count (Fujitsu) Count of load/unload cycles into head landing zone position. [ 15 ] The typical lifetime rating for laptop (2.5-in) hard drives is 300,000 to 600,000 load cycles. [ 16 ] Some laptop drives are programmed to unload the heads whenever there has not been any activity for about five seconds. [ 17 ] Many Linux installations write to the file system a few times a minute in the background. [ 18 ] As a result, there may be 100 or more load cycles per hour, and the load cycle rating may be exceeded in less than a year. [ 19 ] 194 C2 Temperature Current internal temperature. 195 C3 Hardware ECC Recovered The raw value has different structure for different vendors and is often not meaningful as a decimal number. 196 C4 Reallocation Event Count Count of remap operations. The raw value of this attribute shows the total count of attempts to transfer data from reallocated sectors to a spare area. Both successful & unsuccessful attempts are counted. [ 20 ] 197 C5 Current Pending Sector Count Count of "unstable" sectors (waiting to be remapped, because of read errors). If an unstable sector is subsequently written or read successfully, this value is decreased and the sector is not remapped. Read errors on a sector will not remap the sector (since it might be readable later); instead, the drive firmware remembers that the sector needs to be remapped, and remaps it the next time it's written. [ 21 ] 198 C6 Uncorrectable Sector Count The total count of uncorrectable errors when reading/writing a sector. A rise in the value of this attribute indicates defects of the disk surface and/or problems in the mechanical subsystem. (or Off-Line Scan Uncorrectable Sector Count: Fujitsu) [ 15 ] 199 C7 UltraDMA CRC Error Count The count of errors in data transfer via the interface cable as determined by ICRC (Interface Cyclic Redundancy Check). 200 C8 Multi-Zone Error Rate [ 22 ] The count of errors found when writing a sector. The higher the value, the worse the disk's mechanical condition is. 200 C8 Write Error Rate (Fujitsu) The total count of errors when writing a sector. [ 23 ] 201 C9 Soft Read Error Rate Count of off-track errors. 202 CA Data Address Mark errors Count of Data Address Mark errors (or vendor-specific). [ citation needed ] 203 CB Run Out Cancel Count of ECC errors 204 CC Soft ECC Correction Count of errors corrected by software ECC [ citation needed ] 205 CD Thermal Asperity Rate (TAR) Count of errors due to high temperature. [ 13 ] 206 CE Flying Height Height of heads above the disk surface. A flying height that's too low increases the chances of a head crash while a flying height that's too high increases the chances of a read/write error. [ citation needed ] 207 CF Spin High Current Amount of surge current used to spin up the drive. [ 13 ] 208 D0 Spin Buzz Count of buzz routines needed to spin up the drive due to insufficient power. [ 13 ] 209 D1 Offline Seek Performance Drive’s seek performance during its internal tests. [ 13 ] 211 D3 Vibration During Write Vibration During Write [ citation needed ] 212 D4 Shock During Write Shock During Write [ citation needed ] 220 DC Disk Shift Distance the disk has shifted relative to the spindle (usually due to shock or temperature). Unit of measure is unknown. 221 DD G-Sense Error Rate The count of errors resulting from externally-induced shock & vibration. 222 DE Loaded Hours Time spent operating under data load (movement of magnetic head armature) [ citation needed ] 223 DF Load/Unload Retry Count Count of times head changes position. [ citation needed ] 224 E0 Load Friction Resistance caused by friction in mechanical parts while operating. [ citation needed ] 225 E1 Load/Unload Cycle Count Total count of load cycles [ citation needed ] 226 E2 Load 'In'-time Total time of loading on the magnetic heads actuator (time not spent in parking area). [ citation needed ] 227 E3 Torque Amplification Count Count of attempts to compensate for platter speed variations [ citation needed ] 228 E4 Power-Off Retract Cycle The count of times the magnetic armature was retracted automatically as a result of cutting power. [ citation needed ] 230 E6 GMR Head Amplitude Amplitude of "thrashing" (distance of repetitive forward/reverse head motion) [ citation needed ] 231 E7 Temperature Drive Temperature 240 F0 Head Flying Hours Time while head is positioning [ citation needed ] 240 F0 Transfer Error Rate (Fujitsu) Count of times the link is reset during a data transfer. [ 24 ] 241 F1 Total LBAs Written Total count of LBAs written 242 F2 Total LBAs Read Total count of LBAs read Some S.M.A.R.T. utilities will report a negative number for the raw value since in reality it has 48 bits rather than 32. 250 FA Read Error Retry Rate Count of errors while reading from a disk 254 FE Free Fall Protection Count of "Free Fall Events" detected [ 25 ] [ edit ] Threshold Exceeds Condition This section does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (January 2007) Threshold Exceeds Condition (TEC) is an estimated date when a critical drive statistic attribute will reach its threshold value. When Drive Health software reports a "Nearest T.E.C.", it should be regarded as a "Failure date". Prognosis of this date is based on the factor "Speed of attribute change"; how many points each month the value is decreasing/increasing. This factor is calculated automatically at any change of S.M.A.R.T. attributes for each attribute individually. Note that TEC dates are not guarantees; hard drives can and will either last much longer or fail much sooner than the date given by a TEC. [ edit ] Self-tests SMART drives may offer a number of self-tests: [ 26 ] offline short: usually under ten minutes long: extended: tens of minutes conveyance: minutes: identify damage incurred during transporting of the device Selective self-tests of just part of the surface may also be available. [ edit ] See also Comparison of S.M.A.R.T. tools Predictive failure analysis [ edit ] Notes ^ a b Seagate statement on enhanced smart attributes ^ Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population (Conclusion section), by Eduardo Pinheiro, Wolf-Dietrich Weber and Luiz André Barroso, Google Inc. 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy Mountain View, CA 94043 ^ a b PCTechGuide's page on S.M.A.R.T. (2003) ^ IBM Announcement Letter No. ZG92-0289 dated September 1, 1992 ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20080622210656/http://www.seagate.com/support/kb/disc/smart.html ^ Compaq. IntelliSafe. Technical Report SSF-8035, Small Form Committee, January 1995. ^ Stephens, Curtis E, ed. (December 11, 2006), "ATA/ATAPI Command Set (ATA8-ACS), working draft revision 3f" , AT Attachment 8 (ANSI INCITS): pp. 198–213, 327–344 , http://www.t13.org/Documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2006/D1699r3f-ATA8-ACS.pdf   ^ Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (19 September 2003), Hard Disk Drive Specification: Hitachi Travelstar 80GN, revision 2.0 , Hitachi Document Part Number S13K-1055-20 , http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/85CC1FF9F3F11FE187256C4F0052E6B6/$file/80GNSpec2.0.pdf   ^ Hatfield, Jim (September 30, 2005), SMART Attribute Annex , e05148r0 , http://www.t13.org/Documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2005/e05148r0-ACS-SMARTAttributesAnnex.pdf   ^ smartmontools FAQ ("Attribute 194 (Temperature Celsius) behaves strangely on my Seagate disk") ^ Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART) :: Article , 2009-03-10 , http://smartlinux.sourceforge.net/smart/article.php   ^ Acronis Knowledge Base, 9109: S.M.A.R.T. Attribute: Power-On Hours (POH), http://kb.acronis.com/content/9109 ^ a b c d e f S.M.A.R.T. attribute list (ATA) ^ Fly Height Monitor Improves Hard Drive Reliability , Western Digital, April 1999, 79-850123-000 , http://www.wdc.com/en/library/2579-850123.pdf   ^ a b c Fujitsu MHT2080AT, MHT2060AT, MHT2040AT, MHT2030AT, MHG2020AT Disk Drives Product Manual , Fujitsu Limited, 2003-07-04, C141-E192-02EN , http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/COMP/fcpa/hdd/discontinued/mht20xxat_prod-manual.pdf   ^ laptop hard drive Load_Cycle_Count issue ^ Problem with hard drive clicking "Despite files being cached, POSIX-compliant file systems like ext2 or ext3 must update (=write) the last access time." ^ Archlinux.org discussion list "If linux tends to write to /var/log/* every 30s, then the heads can park/unpark every 30s." ^ How to Reduce Power Consumption The files access time update, while mandated by POSIX, is causing lots of disks access; even accessing files on disk cache may wake the ATA or USB bus. ^ Acronis Knowledge Base, 9132: S.M.A.R.T. Attribute: Reallocation Event Count, http://kb.acronis.com/content/9132 ^ Acronis Knowledge Base, 9133: S.M.A.R.T. Attribute: Current Pending Sector Count, http://kb.acronis.com/content/9133 ^ Lubomir Cabla (2009-08-06). "HDAT2 v4.6 User's Manual (Version 1.1)" . http://www.hdat2.com/files/hdat2en_v11.pdf .   ^ "S.M.A.R.T. Linux project: Attributes" . http://smartlinux.sourceforge.net/smart/attributes.php .   ^ "MHY2xxxBH Disk Drives, Product/Maintenance Manual" . Fujitsu Limited . http://www.msc-ge.com/download/itmain/datasheets/fujitsu/MHY2xxxBH.pdf .   ^ Seagate Technology, LLC (September 2007), Seagate Momentus 7200.2 SATA Product Manual, Publication Number: 100451238, Rev. D , Hitachi Document Part Number S13K-1055-20 , http://www.seagate.com/staticfiles/support/disc/manuals/notebook/momentus/7200.2/100451238d.pdf   ^ Manpage of SMARTCTL [ edit ] References "S.M.A.R.T. attribute meaning" . PalickSoft . http://www.siguardian.com/products/siguardian/on_line_help/s_m_a_r_t_attribute_meaning.html . Retrieved February 3, 2006 .   Zbigniew Chlondowski. "S.M.A.R.T. Site: attributes reference table" . S.M.A.R.T. Linux . http://smartlinux.sourceforge.net/smart/attributes.php . Retrieved January 17, 2007 .   "S.M.A.R.T. attributes meaning" . Ariolic Software, Ltd . 2007 . http://www.ariolic.com/activesmart/smart-attributes/ . Retrieved October 26, 2007 .   "Can we believe S.M.A.R.T. ?" . H.D.S. Hungary . 2007 . http://www.hdsentinel.com/smart . Retrieved June 4, 2008 .   Bruce Allen (2004). "Monitoring Hard Disks with SMART" . Linux Journal . http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6983 . Retrieved August 8, 2010 .   [ edit ] External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss Out SMART Your Hard Drive Using the smartmontools program to monitor S.M.A.R.T. values How S.M.A.R.T. is your hard drive? How to predict hard disk failure (SMART Report) in Ubuntu Linux in just 3 clicks? || Turn autoplay off Turn autoplay on Please activate cookies in order to turn autoplay off Jump to content [s] Jump to comments [c] Jump to site navigation [0] Jump to search [4] Terms and conditions [8] Mobile site Sign in Register Text larger · smaller About us About us Contact us Press office Guardian Print Centre Guardian readers' editor Observer readers' editor Terms of service Privacy policy Advertising guide Digital archive Digital edition Guardian Weekly Buy Guardian and Observer photos Subscribe Today's paper The Guardian Comment and debate Editorials, letters and corrections Obituaries Other lives Sport Review Travel Family Money Work Weekend The Guide Subscribe Zeitgeist Today's hot topics News Sport Comment Culture Business Money Life & style Travel Environment TV Video Community Offers Jobs Comment is free Cif America Midterms smart phone smarts In the race to harness media technologies to win votes, the new game is highly targeted GPS 'locational advertising' Tweet this Comments ( … ) Alex Slater guardian.co.uk , Monday 11 October 2010 14.01 BST Republican Michele Bachmann is one of the highest profile candidates to have used smart phone 'locational advertising' in the current midterms campaign. Photograph: AP Photo/Gerald Herbert This election season, it's about where candidates stand. Literally. In these 2010 midterms, we see the makings of the next wave of political technology, based on GPS/SatNav systems that are built into smart phones, now owned by nearly half of all Americans. Each election season, politicians and their consultants have sought the holy grail of American politics: successful use of technology to win votes. Governor Howard Dean was the first to crack the code , using the internet to build a grassroots base for his presidential run. Then Barack Obama built a multifaceted online campaign that became a genuine movement, deploying new technologies, from fundraising competitions to automated phone-canvassing (a volunteer in Manhattan could be connected via the internet to a swing voter in Minnesota to make the case for Obama for president). That whole operation became the gold standard – the operation to beat. So far, nobody has done so. But they're trying. "Location-based networks" – like foursquare , Gowalla , and Facebook Places – may be part of the new equation. These services allow users to share their location with their friends and "followers". So if the user walks into a restaurant – or a politician walks into a rally – they "check in", alerting their friends and voters of their whereabouts. Yes, it sounds stupid. Yes, it has been abused. One internet service, named Please Rob Me , is dedicated to "raising awareness about over-sharing" by alerting how the technology could be used to advise would-be criminals about when individuals were not at home. But use of these services is growing exponentially. Foursquare, for example, has surpassed 3 million users; it is growing faster than Twitter. The site offers awards or "badges" to individuals who check in to certain places (the local library, for example). And as Tim Miller , a Washington digital consultant, explained to me: "Foursquare even has political ties, offering users the 'mayorship' of a location to the person who 'checks in' the most." The service, aware of its potential for political use, will offer sought-after electronic badges on election day for those who vote. Campaigns are still cautious and unsure about the use of this technology. It could cause a security nightmare. And, for now at least, it certainly benefits underdog candidates. The first politician known to have started using foursquare in his campaign is former MTV journalist Patrick Kennedy , an underfunded Democrat running for congressman in Arkansas. Since March, he has used the service to tell would-be voters where he will be travelling, to encourage them to meet him and discuss his policies, as well as to demonstrate the extent to which he is racing across the length and breadth of the district. Candidates have long been accused of letting television advertising do their travelling for them, restricting their appearances with "real people"; now, foursquare and similar services keep them accountable. Since Kennedy's foray into " locational advertising ", dozens of candidates have chosen to tell voters exactly where they are, inviting them to join in a direct political dialogue. As usual, Democrats are ahead of the curve. Organising for America , the continuation of the Obama internet movement outside the White House, is using an application that locates volunteers and enthusiasts to tell them exactly which voters in their immediate vicinity they should canvass. Precision targeting, to be sure. But Republicans have been remarkably ingenious, as well. During this summer's Minnesota state fair, Representative Michele Bachmann took aim at her rival, Tarryl Clark. Using Google technology, she sent advertisements to the 12,500 smart phones of those at or near the fair, accusing her opponent of seeking to tax the types of foods sold there; gourmet delights such as Pronto Pups and cheese curds. The charge against Clark was inaccurate, but that hardly mattered. This was the first example of a trend we're likely to see more and more. As voters get larger amounts of their political information through "unconventional" means, campaigns will focus on sophisticated precision technologies that allow the targeting of locations, demographics and proclivities. It's like using a smart missile to target an individual rather than the haphazard blanket bombing which is television advertising. As the progression of these technologies proliferate, they are likely to help Democrats. Washington's leading Democratic strategist, Steve Elmendorf , told me: "The most impressive use of social media has always engaged younger voters. And that, in turn, always gives Democrats the edge." These are exciting technologies. Watching how they change campaigns will be fascinating. But in the end, no matter how sophisticated the technology, the main considerations will still apply when running for office: developing a message that appeals, being a charismatic candidate and – sometimes, just sometimes – suggesting good policies. Printable version Send to a friend Share Clip Contact us larger | smaller Email Close Recipient's email address Your first name Your surname Add a note (optional) Your IP address will be logged Share Close Short link for this page: http://gu.com/p/2k9qy Digg reddit Google Bookmarks Twitter del.icio.us StumbleUpon Newsvine livejournal Facebook Mixx it! Contact us Close Report errors or inaccuracies: reader@guardian.co.uk Letters for publication should be sent to: letters@guardian.co.uk If you need help using the site: userhelp@guardian.co.uk Call the main Guardian and Observer switchboard: +44 (0)20 3353 2000 Advertising guide License/buy our content Technology Mobile phones · Internet · GPS World news US politics · US midterm elections 2010 · United States · Democrats · Republicans Media Social networking · Digital media More from Comment is free on Technology Mobile phones · Internet · GPS World news US politics · US midterm elections 2010 · United States · Democrats · Republicans Media Social networking · Digital media Related 27 Oct 2010 Tomasky Talk: US mid-terms 2010: The crucial senate races 8 Oct 2010 California: dreaming but not dreamy 2 Nov 2010 US election results 2010 - as it happened 17 Oct 2010 Barack Obama fights to avert midterm Republican avalanche Printable version Send to a friend Share Clip Contact us Article history Email Close Recipient's email address Your first name Your surname Add a note (optional) Your IP address will be logged Share Close Short link for this page: http://gu.com/p/2k9qy Digg reddit Google Bookmarks Twitter del.icio.us StumbleUpon Newsvine livejournal Facebook Mixx it! Contact us Close Report errors or inaccuracies: reader@guardian.co.uk Letters for publication should be sent to: letters@guardian.co.uk If you need help using the site: userhelp@guardian.co.uk Call the main Guardian and Observer switchboard: +44 (0)20 3353 2000 Advertising guide License/buy our content About this article Close Midterms smart phone smarts | Alex Slater This article was published on guardian.co.uk at 14.01 BST on Monday 11 October 2010 . It was last modified at 14.12 BST on Monday 11 October 2010 . 's comment Comments in chronological order (Total 9 comments) Staff Contributor Sipech 11 October 2010 2:16PM Sheesh!! It's like something out of a Philip K Dick short story. Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link Loligo 11 October 2010 2:26PM I have a Nokia smartphone. . The back fell off, the Global Positioning didn't work, the Wi Fi refused to recognise my Broadband from three feet away. It also kept freezing requiring the removal of the tacky broken back and reinsertion of the battery. It needed charging every day. It is now in the bottom of a drawer. I upgraded to a Samsung that lets me text call and use basic internet. I charge it once every ten days. It cost Eleven pounds. Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link BobNicholson 11 October 2010 3:08PM It's interesting how easily American politics seems to have embraced modern communications technologies - particularly the internet. But when one of our politicians starts tweeting, or records a YouTube video in his kitchen, we laugh at them and tease them for trying to seem down with the kids. Obama is older than Cameron, but he still seems so much more at least with technology. Is this a US/UK think, or a progressive/conservative thing? Will we cringe when Ed 'The Next Generation' Milliband starts talking about his Facebook status? Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link BobNicholson 11 October 2010 3:12PM Arrggghhh - so many typos. At least = at ease, think = thing.' Would you believe me if I said I typed that on a phone? Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link mattseaton 11 October 2010 3:18PM @ BobNicholson : It's interesting how easily American politics seems to have embraced modern communications technologies - particularly the internet. But when one of our politicians starts tweeting, or records a YouTube video in his kitchen, we laugh at them and tease them for trying to seem down with the kids. Interesting observation. I wonder if it's partly the geographical distances candidates have to cover here that make any communications technology that bypass physical travel a plus. But also, partly it must be due to the fact that traditional media (TV, radio, print) are heavily regional and state-based, so to get real reach nationally, politicians in the US have had to improvise and use the new tools. Arrggghhh - so many typos. At least = at ease, think = thing.' Would you believe me if I said I typed that on a phone? Believe me, I wish you could post comments from your phone. As yet, we're not serving that... but we live in hope. Meantime, maybe we'll get a spellcheck tool! Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link BobNicholson 11 October 2010 3:49PM @ mattseaton Phone posting would be great - particularly from the guardian iphone app. A quick-edit function that lets us correct posts up to a minute after they get posted would be nice (and a lifesaver for a careless typist like me). I fear this might open up a can of worms though! Interesting thoughts on the UK/US difference. I hadn't considered the geographical spread and regional nature of the the US media - the benefits of the internet are really clear in this regard. I suspect it was also an attempt to engage and enthuse a new generation of voters who get their news online and communicate through social networks - I'm sure UK politicians would love to tap into similar groups here, but they can't seem to pull it off without appearing desperate. It'll be interesting to see who manages to crack it first - no obvious candidates from the current party leaders, I fear. Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link mattseaton 11 October 2010 3:59PM @ BobNicholson : Agree about the lack of headway in mainstream UK electoral politics. Suspect it'll take a successful campaign by an underfunded (as Alex notes) outsider to break the mould. Maybe an insurgent independent at a byelection or similar, where social media could be harnessed to very effective campaign on a strongly local agenda. Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link DonkeyLogic 11 October 2010 6:04PM The first politician known to have started using foursquare in his campaign is former MTV journalist Patrick Kennedy, an underfunded Democrat running for congressman in Arkansas. Since March, he has used the service to tell would-be voters where he will be travelling, to encourage them to meet him and discuss his policies mmm I simply must get my 4Square app set up so I can "bump into" people like that. who would really want to meet up with someone who Tweeted, Facebooked, 4squared and Gaydares and Gowalla'd ( not forgetting their fat-thumbed texting muscles and BBerry emails) and generally vomited their daily existence onto the web every minute, every hour .. or even every evening ? Foursquare + Facebook = Stalker's Paradise. Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link dmcclure 12 October 2010 2:15PM A very good article which seems to have been overlooked/undercommented. To be honest, I find that American politicians seem to be similarly awkward and uncool when they try to appear modern. Is the difference in reception perhaps due to the degree to which politicians are respected in each country? Recommend ( 0 ) Report abuse | Link Comments on this page are now closed. Comments Sorry, commenting is not available at this time. Please try again later. Apologies, something has gone wrong and this action cannot be completed. Please try again later. Logged in as click here to log out You have characters left Please read our community standards . Loading............... Closing this window without pressing "Post your comment" will result in your words being lost. Are you sure? Thank you for your comment. This has been submitted for moderation. Your comment has been successfully posted. Sorry, something has gone wrong and this action cannot be completed. Please try again later. 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